如何培育理想的优质绿化苗木？

How to cultivate ideal high quality green seedlings?

移栽准备

Transplanting preparation

根据适地适树的原则，在选择苗木品种时，一般应选用乡土树种而不能盲目选用外地树种和外来树种。在苗木选择上要注意3点：

According to the principle of suitable site and suitable tree, when selecting seedling varieties, local tree species should be chosen instead of foreign tree species and foreign tree species blindly. In the selection of seedlings, 3 points should be paid attention to:

一是要培育适应性广、抗性强的苗木。由于城市及公路的空气相对干燥，环境污染相对较重，且土壤多板结，立地条件较差。因此，在这些地方使用时，那些抗寒耐热、抗旱耐湿、抗病虫耐污染的树种就必定会占有一定优势。

First, we must cultivate wide adaptability and strong resistance seedlings. Because the air in cities and highways is relatively dry, the environmental pollution is relatively heavy, and the soil is hardened and the site conditions are poor. Therefore, when used in these places, those cold and heat-resistant, drought and humidity-resistant, pest and pollution-resistant tree species will certainly have a certain advantage.

二是苗木的规格一定要适宜。在城市绿化中，小乔木通常以2.5-3.0厘米和4厘米左右的为宜，中乔木以5-6厘米和8厘米左右的为宜，大乔木胸径以7-9厘米和10-16厘米为宜。

Two is the size of the seedlings must be suitable. In urban greening, small trees are usually suitable for 2.5-3.0 cm and 4 cm, and 5-6 cm and 8 cm are suitable for middle trees. The diameter of large trees is 7-9 cm and 10-16 cm.

三是对外来品种的培育要特别慎重。同时要做好移植前的各项准备工作，如定植穴、人员安排、工具设备、苗木修剪、包装材料、运输等，做到相互协作、分工明确，以确保各项工作有序进行。

Three, the cultivation of foreign varieties should be particularly prudent. At the same time, we should do all the preparations before transplantation, such as planting points, personnel arrangements, tools and equipment, seedling pruning, packaging materials, transportation and so on, so as to cooperate with each other and make clear division of labor, so as to ensure the orderly conduct of various work.

科学移植

Scientific transplantation

移植时期一般应定在早春为宜，最好避开盛夏与寒冬季节。不过，在落叶后至土壤结冻前的深秋，由于树体枝干处于休眠状态，也是可以进行移植的。

Generally, transplantation should be done in early spring, so it is best to avoid midsummer and cold winter seasons. However, in late autumn, after deciduous leaves to the soil before freezing, because the branches and trunks are dormant, it can also be transplanted.

大苗挖掘通常采用人工挖掘软材包装法进行。对于常绿树种要尽量带土球，其大小一般是树木胸径的6-8倍，并要注意尽可能多地保留根系；而落叶树种多在休眠期进行树冠重剪，可裸根移植，也应尽量多地保留根系。大苗修剪处理与运输是大苗移植必不可少的环节，它直接关系到大苗成活与生长美观等。

The excavation of large seedlings is usually carried out by manual excavation and soft packing. The size of the evergreen tree should be as much as 6-8 times the diameter of the tree, and the root should be retained as much as possible, while the deciduous tree species should be replanted in the dormancy period, and the root can be retained as much as possible. Cutting and transportation of large seedlings is an essential part of big seedling transplanting, which directly relates to the survival and growth of large seedlings.

落叶树种可根据树形要求对树冠进行修剪，一般剪去枝叶的30%-50%为宜，若是裸根移植，则要对根系中的枯根、烂根和无须根的主根进行修剪。对常绿树种要保持好树冠的完整形状，要将过密枝、重叠枝、枯死枝进行适当修剪，根部由于带土球就不需修剪。大苗运输应以机械为主、人工为辅，注意整个过程不能损伤大苗的枝干和根部。

The deciduous tree can prune the crown of the tree according to the requirement of the tree, and it is suitable to cut the 30%-50% of the branches and leaves. If the bare root is transplanted, the root of the root, the root and the unfibrous root in the root should be pruned. For evergreen tree species, the crown should be kept intact. Overdense, overlapping and dead branches should be pruned properly. The roots need not be pruned because they have soil balls. The transportation of large seedlings should be mainly mechanical and manual. The whole process can not damage the branches and roots of the seedlings.

大苗移植过程中应注意保持干皮的湿度。一般用稻草绳将主干全部缠绕，并经常喷水，即可达到目的。若条件许可，在炎热夏天可盖棚遮阴；大苗定植后应进行支架固定，以防风吹歪斜，待翌年长势稳定后方可拆去。

The humidity of dry skin should be kept in the process of transplant. In general, the main stem is wrapped with straw rope, and water is often sprinkled to achieve the goal. If conditions permit, shelter can be covered in hot summer shade; large seedlings should be fixed after planting, in order to prevent the wind from skewing, until the next year's growth is stable before removal.

苗圃地土壤管理

Soil management in nursery

土壤是苗木生产的物质基础。保持苗圃的土壤肥力对于苗圃建设尤为重要。一是要轮作与休闲。苗圃地在经过一定年限的培育苗木之后，应轮作或休闲1年。

Soil is the material basis for the production of seedlings. Maintaining soil fertility in nursery is particularly important for nursery construction. One is to make rotation and leisure. After a certain number of years of nursery stock cultivation, the nursery should be rotten or relax for 1 years.

轮作是在苗木出圃后，种植1年农作物或培育与前茬苗木不同种类的苗木，一般以种植绿豆、黄豆等豆科作物为好。秋季作物收获后，结合施基肥进行耕耙，整平耙细，翌年春季再进行育苗生产。苗木换茬一般有阔叶树种与针叶树种交替、浅根树种与深根树种交替、培育大苗与培育小苗交替等3种形式。

The rotation is to grow the crops for 1 years or to cultivate the seedlings of different kinds of seedlings after the seedlings are out of the nursery. After harvesting the crops in autumn, they will be harrowed and raked together with base fertilizer. Then the seedlings will be reproduced next spring. There are generally three types of seedling alternation: broad-leaved and coniferous species alternation, shallow-rooted and deep-rooted species alternation, cultivation of large seedlings and cultivation of small seedlings alternation.

休闲时将土地闲置，待雨季将地上的杂草翻压在土中，任其腐烂以作肥料。二是合理耕作。耕作包括整地与中耕两个方面，苗圃整地最好进行秋耕秋耙，也可秋季起苗后随即耕耙。如必须春季整地，宜在土壤化冻达到一定深度时方可耕地，整地深度一般应以30-40厘米为宜。

In the rainy season, the land is idle, and the weeds on the ground will be decomposed in the rainy season to rot as fertilizer. The two is reasonable farming. Tillage includes two aspects: soil preparation and cultivation. The best way to prepare the nursery is to make autumn ploughing and rake, or to plow and rake in autumn. If it is necessary to prepare the land in spring, it is advisable to reach a certain depth of soil freezing before arable land, the general depth of preparation should be 30-40 cm.

苗圃地耕后要耙透耧细，消除草根、石块及树根等杂物，且无大土块；中耕要选择最佳耕作时间，一般在土壤含水量为中等偏上时进行较为适宜。当土壤含水量超过凋萎含水量并低于田间持水量的70%时最适合耕作，砂壤土不超过22%，轻壤土不超过30%，重壤土不超过37%，土壤过湿严禁耕作。

After cultivated in the nursery, it is necessary to rake the thin section and eliminate the debris, such as grass root, stone and root, and no large soil mass. When the soil water content exceeds the withered water content and is lower than 70% of the field water holding capacity, the soil is most suitable for farming, the sandy loam is not more than 22%, the light loam is not more than 30%, the heavy loam is not more than 37%, and the soil over wet is strictly forbidden.

水肥管理

Water and fertilizer management

浇水要根据土壤墒情变化而定，总体应掌握“不干不浇，浇就浇透”的原则。在盛夏时，要多对地面与树冠喷水，同时搞好清沟沥水。施肥是管理的重要环节，既可以提高土壤肥力，也可以增加树体营养，促其健壮生长。土壤施肥可结合耕作进行，通常分基肥、追肥和种植绿肥3种。

Watering should be determined according to the change of soil moisture. In general, we should master the principle of "dry without pouring, pouring and watering". In the midsummer, we should spray water on the ground and crown, and do well in the ditch. Fertilization is an important part of management. It can not only improve soil fertility, but also increase tree nutrition and promote healthy growth. Soil fertilization can be carried out in combination with tillage, which is usually divided into 3 types: basal fertilizer, top dressing and planting green manure.

基肥包括堆肥、厩肥、草木灰等，基肥要腐熟、撒匀，一般以每公顷施放75-150公斤为标准。追肥以粪尿为主，通常是辐射状、圆形、条状挖沟施肥，移植大苗的当年秋天应追施1次速效肥，容器育苗应在翌年的春秋两季各施1次肥并及时浇水。绿肥种植一般以大豆等豆科植物为主，播种密度要大，任其腐烂以作肥料，通常在其植株幼嫩时翻到土内腐烂成肥。

Base fertilizer includes compost, manure, plant ash, etc. The base fertilizer should be ripe and spread evenly. Generally, 75-150 kg per hectare is the standard. The main fertilizer is manure, which is usually radiated, round and striped and fertilized. 1 times of quick effect fertilizer should be applied in the autumn of the transplant. The container seedling should be fertilized in the next year in the spring and autumn of the next year and in the two quarter, and should be fertilized in time and water in time. The planting of green manure is mainly soybean and other leguminous plants. The planting density is large, so it can be rotted to make fertilizer. Usually, it turns into soil and rotted into soil when the plant is young.

侵染性病害应在移植前进行土壤消毒，发病前喷施波尔多液进行保护，发病后喷施敌克松、代森锌等杀菌剂进行治疗。食叶害虫可喷敌百虫、施乐果等杀虫剂。食根害虫可用毒饵诱杀，或用呋喃丹颗粒剂施入土层中进行防治。

The infective diseases should be sterilized before transplantation. Before the onset of the disease, Paolo is applied to protect the disease. Leaf eating pests can be insecticides such as insecticides such as insecticides. The root eating pests can be killed by poison bait or by furazolam granules in the soil layer.