优质的绿化苗木是如何栽培出来的？

How to cultivate high quality green seedlings?

精品绿化大苗的需求在增长，但许多苗圃在苗木生产中因群众缺乏科学指导或受短期行为影响，致使苗圃的苗木质量、产量问题突出。大苗移植的成败关系到苗圃成功与否，因此需精心策划、科学移植并加强后期管理。以下是培育大苗的技术供参考：

The demand for high quality greening seedlings is growing, but in many nursery plants, the quality and yield of nursery stock are outstanding because of the lack of scientific guidance or short-term behavior. The success or failure of big seedling transplantation is related to the success of nursery. Therefore, careful planning, scientific transplantation and strengthening later management are needed. The following are the techniques for cultivating large seedlings for reference.

移栽准备

Transplanting preparation

根据适地适树的原则，一般选用乡土树种而不能盲目选用外地树种和野生树种。在苗木选择上：

According to the principle of suitable land and suitable trees, native species are generally chosen instead of exotic species and wild species. On the selection of seedlings:

一是培育一些适应性广、抗性强的苗木。由于城市及公路的空气相对干燥，环境污染相对较重，且土壤多板结，立地条件较差，因此这些抗寒耐热、抗旱耐湿、抗病虫耐污染的树种就必定会占有一定优势。

The first is to cultivate some widely adapted and strong resistant seedlings. As the air of city and highway is relatively dry, the pollution of the environment is relatively heavy, and the soil is more and more complex, the site conditions are poor, so the trees which are resistant to cold and heat resistance, drought resistance and moisture resistance, and the resistance to disease and insect resistance are bound to occupy a certain advantage.

二是苗木的规格要适宜。在城市绿化中，小乔木以2.5-3.0cm和4cm左右为宜，中乔木以5-6cm和8cm左右为宜，大乔木胸径以7-9cm和10-16cm为宜。

Two is the size of the seedlings to be suitable. In urban greening, small trees should be about 2.5-3.0cm and 4cm, and middle trees should be about 5-6cm and 8cm. The diameter of large trees should be 7-9cm and 10-16cm.

三是对外来品种的培育要慎重。同时要做好移植前的各项准备工作，如定植穴、人员安排、工具设备、苗木修剪、包装材料、运输等，做到相互协作、分工明确，以确保各项工作有序进行。

The three is to be careful about the cultivation of foreign varieties. At the same time, we should do all the preparations before transplantation, such as planting points, personnel arrangements, tools and equipment, seedling pruning, packaging materials, transportation and so on, so as to cooperate with each other and make clear division of labor, so as to ensure the orderly conduct of various work.

科学移植

Scientific transplantation

移植时期一般定在早春，最好避开盛夏与寒冬季节，不过在落叶后至土壤结冻前的深秋，由于树体枝干处于休眠状态，也可以进行移植。

The period of transplantation is usually fixed in early spring. It is best to avoid the summer and winter season, but in the late autumn after the deciduous soil is frozen, the branches of the tree body are dormant and can be transplanted.

大苗挖掘通常采用人工挖掘软材包装法进行。对于常绿树种要尽量带土球，其大小一般是树木胸径的6-8倍，并注意多保留根系；而落叶树种多在休眠期进行树冠重剪，可裸根移植，也应多保留根系。大苗修剪处理与运输是大苗移植必不可少的环节，它直接关系到大苗成活与生长美观等。

The excavation of large seedlings is usually carried out by manual excavation and soft packing. The size of the evergreen tree should be 6-8 times as large as that of the tree, and the root of the tree should be kept more than that of the tree. Cutting and transportation of large seedlings is an essential part of big seedling transplanting, which directly relates to the survival and growth of large seedlings.

落叶树种可根据树形要求对树冠进行修剪，一般剪去枝叶的30%-50%,若是裸根移植，则要对根系中的枯根、烂根和无须根的主根进行修剪；对常绿树种要保持好树冠完整形状，将过密枝、重叠枝、枯死枝进行适当修剪，根部由于带土球就不需修剪。大苗运输以机械为主、人工为辅，注意整个过程不能损伤大苗的枝干和根部。

A deciduous tree can prune the crown of the tree according to the requirement of the tree, usually cut off the 30%-50% of the branches and leaves. If the bare root is transplanted, the root of the root, the root and the unfibrous root in the root should be pruned; the evergreen tree should be well shaped and properly pruned with the overdense branch, the overlapping branch and the dead branch, and the root due to the belt. The ball does not need to be pruned. The transportation of large seedlings is mainly mechanical and manual, and the whole process can not damage the branches and roots of the seedlings.

大苗保持干皮湿度，一般用稻草绳将主干全部缠绕，并经常喷水，若条件许可，在炎热夏天可盖棚遮荫；大苗定植后进行支架固定，以防风吹歪斜，待翌年长势稳定后方可拆去。

Large seedlings keep dry skin humidity, usually use rice straw rope to wrap the trunk all the way, and often spray water. If conditions permit, shading can be covered in hot summer. After the seedlings are planted, the scaffold is fixed to prevent the wind to be skewed and to be removed after the following year.

苗圃地土壤管理

Soil management in nursery

土壤是苗木生产的物质基础，保持苗圃的土壤肥力对于苗圃建设尤为重要。一是轮作与休闲。苗圃地经过一定年限培育苗木后，轮作或休闲1年。

Soil is the material basis of nursery stock production. Keeping the soil fertility of nursery is particularly important for nursery construction. One is rotation and leisure. After planting seedlings for a certain period, the nursery will rotate or relax for 1 years.

轮作是在苗木出圃后，种植1年农作物或培育与前茬苗木不同种类苗木，一般以种植绿豆、黄豆等豆料作物为好。秋季作物收获后，结合施基肥进行耕耙，整平耙细，翌年春季再进行育苗生产。苗木换茬一般有阔叶树种与针叶树种交替、浅根树种与深根树种交替、培育大苗与培育小苗交替等形式。

Crop rotation is to grow 1 years' crops or cultivate different kinds of seedlings with the previous stubble seedlings after the nursery. After harvesting the crops in autumn, they will be harrowed and raked together with base fertilizer. Then the seedlings will be reproduced next spring. Generally, there are alternate forms of broad leaf and coniferous tree species, alternate shallow roots and deep roots, and alternate seedlings and seedlings.

休闲时将土地闲置，待雨季将地上的杂草翻压在水中，任其腐烂以作肥料。二是合理耕作。耕作包括整地与中耕2个方面，苗圃整地最好进行秋耕秋耙，也可秋季起苗后随即耕耙。如必须春季整地，宜在土壤化冻达一定深度时方可耕地，整地深度一般以30-40cm为宜。

When leisure is used, the land is idle, and the weeds in the rainy season will be turned over in the water to rot as fertilizer. The two is reasonable farming. Tillage includes 2 aspects: soil preparation and cultivation. The best way to prepare the nursery is to make autumn ploughing and rake, or to plow and rake in autumn. If it is necessary to make land preparation in spring, it is advisable to cultivate arable land when the soil thaw reaches a certain depth. The depth of soil preparation is generally 30-40cm.

苗圃地耕后要耙透耧细，消除草根、石块及树根，且无大土块；中耕要选择最佳耕作时间，一般在土壤含水量中等偏上时进行。当土壤含水量超过凋萎含水量并低于田间持水量的70%时最适合耕作，砂壤土不超过22%,轻壤土不超过30%,重壤土不超过37%,土壤过湿严禁耕作。

After cultivated in the nursery, it is necessary to rake the thinner, eliminate the root, stone and root, and have no large soil. When the soil water content exceeds the withered water content and is lower than 70% of the field water holding capacity, the soil is most suitable for farming, the sandy loam is not more than 22%, the light loam is not more than 30%, the heavy loam is not more than 37%, and the soil over wet is strictly forbidden.

水肥管理

Water and fertilizer management

浇水要根据土壤墒情变化而定，总体掌握“不干不浇，浇就浇透”的原则，在盛夏时要多对地面与树冠喷水，同时搞好清沟沥水；施肥是管理的重要环节，它既可以提高土壤的肥力，也可以增加树体营养，促其健壮生长。土壤施肥可结合耕作进行，通常有基肥、追肥和种植绿肥3种。

Water should be determined according to the change of soil moisture, and master the principle of "not watering and pouring, pouring and pouring". In the summer, it is necessary to spray more water on the ground and tree crown at the time of high summer, and do well in clearing ditch and draining water; fertilization is an important part of management. It can not only improve the fertility of soil, but also increase the nutrition of the tree body and promote its strong growth. Soil fertilization can be carried out in combination with cultivation. There are usually 3 kinds of basal fertilizer, top dressing and planting green manure.

基肥包括堆肥、厩肥、草木灰等，基肥要腐熟、撒匀，一般为75-150kg/hm2.追肥以粪尿为主，通常是辐射状、圆形、条状挖沟施肥，移植大苗的当年秋天应追施1次速效肥，林业育苗容器技术翌年的春秋两季各施1次并及时浇水。绿肥种植一般以大豆等豆科植物为主，播种密度要大，任其腐烂以作肥料，通常在其植株幼嫩时翻到土内腐烂成肥。

The base manure includes composting, manure, grass wood ash and so on. The base fertilizer should be rotten and scattered. Generally it is 75-150kg/hm2. manure. Usually, it is radiated, round and striped and fertilized. In the autumn, 1 times of quick effect fertilizer should be applied, and 1 times in the two quarter of the next year in the spring and Autumn period of the forestry nursery container and water in time. The planting of green manure is mainly soybean and other leguminous plants. The planting density is large, so it can be rotted to make fertilizer. Usually, it turns into soil and rotted into soil when the plant is young.

侵染性病害应在移植前进行土壤消毒，发病前喷施波尔多液进行保护，发病后喷施敌克松、代森锌等杀菌剂进行治疗。食叶害虫可喷敌百虫、施乐果等杀虫剂；食根害虫可用毒饵诱杀，或用呋喃丹颗粒剂施入土层中进行防治。

The infective diseases should be sterilized before transplantation. Before the onset of the disease, Paolo is applied to protect the disease. Leaf eating pests can be insecticides such as trapping, trapping, and so on. Root eating pests can be decoy or bake with furazolam granules.